| AUTHOR |
1 author: LastName, First Name and/or Initial.
2+ authors: LastName, FirstName, and FirstName LastName.
10+ authors (list the first 7 authors and add "et al."): Last Name, First Name, FirstName LastName, FirstName LastName, FirstName LastName, FirstName LastName, FirstName LastName, FirstName LastName, et al.
No author? Begin you citation with the Title of the Book in italics.
| TITLE: Article, Chapter, Webpage |
Title is in quotation marks, provided in full, capitalized headline-style, and followed by a period.
E.g., "Title is in Quotation Marks and Capitalized Headline-style."
| TITLE: Journal, Book, Website |
Title is in italics, provided in full, and capitalized headline-style.
E.g., Title is in Italics and Capitalized Headline-style
| VOLUME & ISSUE NUMBERS |
When citing articles, the volume number follows the journal title with no punctuation. A comma separates the volume and the issue number is preceded by "no."
E.g., Title 42, no. 3
| PUBLICATION PLACE |
The publication place precedes the publisher's name and is followed by a full colon.
E.g., Sidney: Hedgerow Press, 2013.
| PUBLISHER |
Unlike some other citation styles, when citing in Chicago, always provide the publisher's name in full.
| DATE |
If a printed work has no known publication date, use the abbreviation “n.d.” For online resources, provide an access date if the publication date is unavailable.
| PAGES |
If page numbers are not available in your resource, you can use other markers including: chapter (chap.), section (sec.), equation (eq.), volume (vol.), or note (n.).
| DOI or URL |
Cite the DOI wherever possible. If no DOI is available, cite the URL (preferably a stable url or permalink if available). DOIs and URLs should not be hyperlinked.
| FORMAT |
Includes CDs, DVDs, VHS, film, and digital formats such as MPEG, MP3, and WAV. Depending on the resource type, you may need to include the original format and/or a digitized format.
Published interviews are cited in both footnotes/endnotes and bibliographies. When citing published interviews, include the following information:
As with other less common citation types in the Chicago style, adapt the structure of the formatting formula for the resource type your interview is found in (e.g., article, podcast, television broadcast).
FORMAT
Interviewee's LastName, FirstName. "Title of Interview." By Interviewer's FirstName LastName. Journal Tile, volume, no. issue (Year): xx-xx.
EXAMPLE
Bellour, Raymond. “Alternation, Segmentation, Hypnosis: Interview with Raymond Bellour.” By Janet Bergstrom. Camera Obscura, nos. 3–4 (Summer 1979): 89–94.
FOOTNOTE FORM
116. Raymond Bellour, “Alternation, Segmentation, Hypnosis: Interview with Raymond Bellour,” by Janet Bergstrom, Camera Obscura, 3–4 (Summer 1979): 90.
EXAMPLE
Bundy, McGeorge. Interview. By Robert MacNeil. MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, PBS. February 7, 1990.
FOOTNOTE FORM
117. McGeorge Bundy, interview by Robert MacNeil, MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, PBS, February 7, 1990.
EXAMPLE
Diaz, Junot. “Mil Máscaras: An Interview with Pulitzer-Winner Junot Díaz (The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao).” By Matt Okie. Identitytheory.com. September 2, 2008. http://www.identitytheory.com /interviews/okie_diaz.php.
FOOTNOTE FORM
18. “Mil Máscaras: An Interview with Pulitzer-Winner Junot Díaz (The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao),” by Matt Okie, Identitytheory.com, September 2, 2008, http://www.identitytheory.com/interviews/okie_diaz.php.
EXAMPLE
Steinke, Darcey. Interview by Sam Tanenhaus and Dwight Garner. New York Times Book Review. Podcast audio. April 22, 2007. http://podcasts.nytimes.com/podcasts/2007/04/20/21bookupdate.mp3.
FOOTNOTE FORM
119. Darcey Steinke, interview by Sam Tanenhaus and Dwight Garner, New York Times Book Review, podcast audio, April 22, 2007, http://podcasts.nytimes.com/podcasts/2007/04/20/21bookupdate.mp3.
Unpublished interviews can be cited within the text or in a footnote. They are rarely included in the bibliography (however, be sure to check with your instructor first). The following is important information to include when citing unpublished interviews:
FORMAT (FOOTNOTE)
Interviewee's FirstName LastName (identifying information if applicable), brief description of interview type to Interviewer FirstName LastName (or author), InterviewPlace, InterviewDate.
FOOTNOTE FORM
24. Anastasia Morales, e-mail message to author, July 31, 2010.
FOOTNOTE FORM
7. Andrew Macmillan (principal adviser, Investment Center Division, FAO), in discussion with the author, Seattle, Washington, September 1998.
FOOTNOTE FORM
12. Benjamin Spock, interview by Milton J. E. Senn, November 20, 1974, interview 67A, transcript, Senn Oral History Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
When citing unattributed interviews include:
FORMAT (FOOTNOTE)
Interview with Identifying information about Interviewee, InterviewDate.
FOOTNOTE FORM
10. Interview with health care worker, March 23, 2010.
References to conversations shared in privately shared social media correspondence such as direct messages or posts shared within a limited circle, are usually included in the text of an essay, or provided in a footnote.
IN TEXT EXAMPLE
Though inconclusive, a photograph shared by Seamus Harrington with the author, demonstrated that the group may have been present at the rally.
FOOTNOTE FORM
7. Facebook direct message to author, September 29, 2018.
MORE DETAILS
The social media address (or similar) belonging to the individual making the private comment should be omitted unless permission from its owner is granted.