When citing a figure provide the abbreviation found in the original, after the reference number.
For example if your third source includes several figures, and you are referring to figure 5, then your in text citation would be
[3, Fig. 5]
Opening square bracket - source number - comma - fig - period - space - Figure number - closing square bracket
If your in text citation is at the end of your sentence then there must be a period after the closing bracket.
Personal communications include conversations, letters, interviews, e-mails and telephone conversations.
• IEEE style states that you cite only published works, forthcoming published works, and unpublished materials available to scholars in a library, a depository, or an archive.
• For interviews or other "non-recoverable" information, no citation number is necessary.
This does not mean that an attempt to identify the author is unnecessary, but that it needs to be done in the text itself:
"In a personal interview with Bill Gates, he suggested that he would soon rule the world."
"In a letter to the author, Professor Mueller detailed his experiences with using this data collection software."
Indicating the relevant reference in the text
Include the citation number directly after the borrowed information, your first reference will appear first in the text [1],and the list of references. Your second source is number 2, and so on.
• A number enclosed in square brackets, eg.[1] or [26], placed in the text of the essay, indicates the relevant reference.
• Each reference number should be enclosed in square brackets on the same line as the text, before any punctuation, with a space before the bracket.
• Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the source cited in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay or assignment.
• Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references.
• No distinction is made between print and electronic references when citing within the text.
Here are some examples of this kind of referencing :
"The theory was first put forward in 1987[1].
Scholtz [2] has argued that.......
Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 16] have suggested that...
For example, see [7]."
• It is not necessary to mention either the author(s) or the the date of the reference unless it is relevant to your text.
• It is not necessary to say " in reference [26] ..." "In [26] ..." is sufficient.
Citing more than one reference at a time
• When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference number separately with a comma or dash between each reference:
Preferred
[1], [3], [5]
[1] - [5]
• Although the following method is also acceptable:
Acceptable
[1, 3, 5]
[1-5]
Citing a reference multiple times
• When citing a source for a second or subsequent time, do not use ibid or op. cit.
• In the text, repeat the earlier reference number.
• If referring to a different page number, or other reference, within the source, use the following forms:
[3, pp. 5-10], [3, Ch. 2, pp. 6-21], [3, Fig. 1], [3, Sec. 4.5]
Using direct quotations in the text of your writing:
If you are citing the source directly with quotation marks, make sure you include the page number.
OPTION 1: mention the page number in your sentence;
for example: The results discussed on page 6 describe a "5% temperature increase" [3].
OPTION 2: include page number inside the square brackets;
for example: A "5% temperature increase" [3, p.6] was observed in the ...